BRIDGES AS STRUCTURES
Berat ZEJNELI, Shinasi ZEJNELI, Benar ZEJNELI
Abstract
Purpose: Bridges are objects that serve to cross an obstacle. Man has felt the need for bridge structures since his existence. The construction of bridge structures has always been, but even today it is a special field in construction. Bridges are quite impressive objects that create unforgettable impressions on passers-by. Since ancient times, the fate of bridges has been intertwined with the fate of man. Many important events are connected with bridges, their construction, existence and destruction. The events surrounding bridges and the bridges themselves have inspired many people with interesting stories. The construction of bridge structures has not developed without problems. There have been many misfortunes of bridges and their builders. The construction of bridges over the centuries has flowed as a time-consuming development, especially on the basis of those objects that were already only just completed. In the first period, the construction of bridges was based on that for the needs of pedestrians. The emergence of railways and the rapid development of road transport became an indispensable need for the construction of bridges with fairly large spans and lengths.
Method: Analysis of different types of bridges, whose function is to ensure the passage of natural or artificial obstacles, analysis of general methods on bridge constructions and their types, methods for determining which types of bridges are for what purpose, development of numerical calculation methods, especially those of finite elements using different software, enabling reliable achievements in static and dynamic aspects, as well as those of linear and nonlinear analysis of structures.
Results: From the study of bridges as structures, the expected results are that students and young engineers will have preliminary knowledge of these engineering objects, to gain knowledge about the types of bridges that they can design in their careers, since the current trend in the country is with the construction of international corridors that also pass here and that are arteries for international cooperation, transport of people, goods, etc. As is the case with corridors VIII and X, where a considerable number of bridges will be built on the body of these roads, some types of which are mentioned in this paper, as well as the implementation of European norms/EN/for bridges, for which principles, standards we have given an example, a task on how to calculate a bridge construction.
Conclusions: In conclusion, bridge systems as structures are imperatives of the time since there are no urban places where these types of structures do not participate in connecting roads in cities, in the suburbs in various mountainous areas, crossing barriers such as rivers, dry gorges and other needs that the human factor needs, for free movement, movement of goods, etc. Since there is an expression of form if you want the development of a country, the state must first regulate the infrastructure and with this, human well-being, economy, etc. are directly related. In this paper, data are given on how to use European norms, for loads, for the dimensioning of the constructive elements of these structures, calculation methods are given and knowledge is given on which software programs can be used in the calculation of the same.
Pages: 63 - 71