FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY
Berat ZEJNELI, Shinasi ZEJNELI, Benar ZEJNELI
Abstract
Purpose: Earthquakes as an unwanted phenomenon are a destructive force that causes thousands of deaths and severe material damage every year. Earthquakes as well as the sources of earthquakes, such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric and artificial processes (explosions). Seismology helps in understanding the Earth's tectonic crust, the Earth's internal structures and the prediction of earthquakes.
Earthquakes are uncontrolled phenomena with negative effects expressed through the destruction of material goods and endangering people's lives. Many of the earthquakes have brought numerous disasters both in terms of taking human lives but also in material goods to the detriment of humanity by destroying infrastructure, buildings, etc. These disasters have also been influenced by poor construction techniques used in the construction of buildings with very weak materials, a non-serious approach to the definition of structural systems, as well as insufficient knowledge in the field of engineering geology, geomechanics and the lack of knowledge of contemporary techniques for mechanisms and materials that make structures more resistant to these phenomena such as earthquakes. The main factor that motivates us is to design buildings that will have high seismic safety with which there will be no major economic and human losses due to their premature collapse.
Method: Analysis of the earthquake resistance of building structures according to technical regulations: The action of high-intensity seismic energy on structures of all categories, especially multi-storey buildings, respecting the rules and standards that deal with the topic, using methods for calculating structures with European norms, international norms, respecting the statements given by the European committee, such as the many seismological institutes in the world that have perfect techniques and technology, first of all for detecting these phenomena - earthquakes, and up to the proposals offered by these institutions, the standards they propose for the many methods for calculation, adoption of constructive systems, proposals for the center of gravity and the center of inertia, types of supports, construction materials, etc.
Results: From the study of the structure of planet Earth, data on tectonic plates, their movement, the processes that occur in the earth's mantle and in other layers of the earth, it is found that the final results from the seismological phenomenon - earthquakes, unfortunately the results result in alarming numbers in terms of the loss of tens of thousands of lives of people of all age groups from different countries and peoples, material damage with significant amounts that bring the economies of countries around the world to their knees. Taking these scientists into consideration, legislators are giving their maximum by offering theoretical, experimental solutions and proposing materials, mechanisms of many types so that these results - damage to people and material goods are minimal.
Conclusions: In conclusion, earthquake-resistant systems and practices play a key role in protecting life, property and infrastructure in regions prone to seismic activity. Understanding earthquake hazards, geological processes, and seismic wave behavior has paved the way for innovative solutions aimed at reducing the destructive impact of earthquakes. This state of the art has explored key aspects of earthquake resilience, including monitoring and early warning systems, retrofitting existing structures, community preparedness, and future trends and challenges.
Pages: 72 - 80