PREVALENCE OF NEPHROTIC CALCULI IN THE POPULATION OF THE POLOG VALLEY AND SURROUNDING AREA
Albin BEADINI, Asim IZAIRI, Nexhbedin BEADINI, Koҫo ҪAKARALOSKI, Lutfi ZYLBEARI
Abstract
Introduction: The kidneys are divided into two main regions: the cortex and medulla. The cortex contains renal corpuscles, convoluted and straight tubules, collecting ducts, and vasculature. Medullary rays, composed of straight tubules and collecting ducts, extend into the cortex from the medulla. Kidney stones are mineral deposits formed in the renal pelvis or on the renal papillae, composed of both crystalline and organic substances. They develop when urine becomes supersaturated with minerals. Most stones are made of calcium oxalate, often forming on calcium phosphate deposits known as Randall’s plaques. Kidney stones are common, with a prevalence of up to 14.8% and a recurrence rate of 50% within five years. Risk factors include low fluid intake, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Stones can also lead to chronic kidney disease and hypertension. In areas near the Sharr Mountains, water quality may contribute to nephrolithiasis (kidney stone disease), also known as nephrotic calculi. Contaminated water can increase the risk of kidney and bladder diseases, including cancers. The type and severity of toxins depend on the water source and treatment.
Aim of the Study: This study investigates the prevalence of nephrotic calculi in the Polog Valley, comparing populations from villages near the Sharr Mountains, along the Tetovo-Gostivar highway, near Mali i Thatë, and in the cities of Tetovo and Gostivar. It aims to assess the potential link between drinking water quality and kidney stone formation by comparing water sources from these regions.
Materials and Method: The study includes 80 patients: 30 from the Sharr Mountain area, 10 from Tetovo-Gostivar highway villages, 30 from Mali i Thatë, and 10 in a control group. Patients will be examined using renal ultrasonography and CT-urography to identify and analyze kidney stones. The research will be conducted at the Urology Department of Tetovo Clinical Hospital.
Results: The findings will reveal the prevalence of nephrotic calculi in Polog and their association with local water sources. The study will also assess water quality and explore possible endemic patterns, particularly between the Sharr and Mali i Thatë regions.
Conclusion: The study will provide a comprehensive overview of kidney stone prevalence in Polog, the impact of drinking water quality, and the underlying causes of nephrolithiasis. The results can inform preventive measures and support early diagnosis and intervention, benefiting nephrology, urology, and public health efforts in the region.
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