NACIONALIZMI, PATRIOTIZMI DHE SHOVINIZMI
Ardian RAMADANI, Minir ADEMI
Abstract
When the famous president of France, the glorious general who ranked France among the victorious states after World War II, and returned it to its former glory and splendor, which it had lost after the German invasion, General Charles de Gaulle, was once asked what nationalism represented to him, he replied, quote, "Nationalism is war, and patriotism is honor" (Nationalisme c`est la guerre, patriotisme c`est l`honneur).
De Gaulle probably, wanting to promote patriotism (which comes from the word patrie, which in English means homeland or motherland, because French does not recognize the concept of motherland but only homeland), and wanting to hide French nationalism, which is tangible and visible, and perhaps even institutional, camouflages and performs as patriotism, had used this expression perhaps to stop the promotion of nationalist policies, in favor of some supranational idea.
But, nationalism as a concept, which is considered to have originated in the 19th century, as a tendency or current, is found in the traces of states and nations in earlier eras as well. In fact, the doctrine of the nation-state (Etat-nation), as well as the concept of Raison d'Etat (reason for the state), this doctrine of the French Cardinal Richelieu, is the first step towards nationalism. In the name of this doctrine, this cardinal managed to unify the French after many years of exhausting war on religious grounds, strengthening national cohesion, rejecting interreligious division, but on the other hand, glorifying and powerfully raising France, and thus dictating the world order, which would be crowned with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
The paper will analyze Richelieu's concept, his performance, which in fact encompassed a primarily nationalist policy and action, which aimed to elevate France to the global level as a European and world power, the glorification of the French nation, to continue with the various definitions that aim to highlight this doctrine, which at the same time, in the current era, although challenged, is challenging more than ever before. Currently, in the era we are living in, we are seeing a strong rise of nationalist doctrine, which in fact can be packaged with patriotism, but is also being alienated and transformed into chauvinism. We hope that through this paper, we will make the appropriate contribution towards enriching the conference, as well as enriching the next volume of the scientific journal.
Pages: 50 - 58